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Tick Paralysis: Signs, Treatments and the Importance of Preventative Measures

Tick Paralysis is condition caused by a species of tick found on the eastern seaboard of Australia called Ixodes holocyclus. These ticks are very prolific in Maleny and surrounds, making tick prevention ESSENTIAL to prevent serious illness and death.

Ixodes holocyclus is known as a ‘3 host tick’ because the tick goes through three development phases – each requiring a blood-meal from a warm-blooded host.  Typically, larvae hatch form eggs in late February to April or May, followed by nymphs from March to September or October and then gradually the adult population from August to February, peaking around December. In Maleny and surrounds, we tend to see a surge in the ticks in August and September, when the temperature and humidity starts to rise.  Under favourable conditions, a second life cycle may result in a second peak in May. However, infestation by adults can occur at any time of the year when conditions are suitable, even in mid-winter.

Tick envenomation in animals (especially pets) peaks in spring to mid-summer. Disease usually occurs after the attachment of a single adult female tick, but heavy infestations with nymphs or larvae can produce paralysis.

Signs of Envenomation

The clinical signs of disease are usually seen around three days after attachment. Early signs of tick paralysis include:

  • Incoordination (“looks drunk”) and reluctance to do normal exercise
  • change in bark or meow, grunting or a complete loss of voice
  • inappetence, vomiting or regurgitation
  • dilated pupils.

This can progress to falling over, unable to stand or sit, inability to swallow and exaggerated breathing. This can rapidly progress to complete paralysis, including an ability to breath and death.

Prevention

Over recent years, there have been significant advancements in prevention options for both dogs and cats. Options include topical “spot-ons”, monthly or three-monthly chews or tablets and collars (although collars are generally less reliable). There are also “combination products” that treat worms, heartworm, fleas and ticks. Please feel free to contact our knowledgeable staff to discuss which option best suits your needs.

Whilst these new products have made great inroads into preventing tick paralysis in our pets, no product is EVER 100% effective. It’s a very good idea to make a habit of checking your pet DAILY Feeling your way through their coat is often more effective that looking. Ticks do not “bury” under the skin but can be surrounded by a lumpy “crater” as the body tries to resist the toxin that’s being injected as the tick sucks. Be familiar with what ticks looks like – they start as pin-point brown nymphs, to flattened brown “shell-back” adults, then become grey-blue as they engorge on their blood meal.

PREVENTION SHOULD CONTINUE THROUGHOUT THE YEAR. Giving your pet “time off” from the preventatives exposes them to the effects of the tick toxin and therefore, the drugs needed to save their lives. The money “saved” during the non-prevention period will pale in comparison to the cost of treatment and the stress to you and your pet.

What to do if you find a tick on your pet

  1. Be calm and try to keep your pet calm.
  2. Remove the tick as soon as possible with “tick twisters” or with your fingernails. Try and avoid “squeezing” the tick in the process. The application of vaseline or methylated spirits serves no purpose.
  3. Call the vet as soon as possible for further advice. If it is outside normal clinic hours, DO NOT WAIT! Delaying advice and potential treatment may decrease the chance of your pet surviving and often increases the level of treatment required.
  4. DON’T offer food or water or try to syringe feed. Animals often lose the ability to swallow quite early in the progression of the condition. Food and water can be aspirated into their lungs leading to pneumonia.

Treatment

Antivenom

Treatment is centred around the administration of an antivenom. This is a commercially prepared product (like that for antivenoms for snakes, for example). Allergic reactions to the antivenom are very uncommon but can increase in frequency with multiple uses. Previous treatment IS NOT a reason to not treat your pet again.

Medications

Additional medications such as intravenous fluids, antibiotics (for pneumonia), airway dilators, anti-vomiting medications, diuretics, sedatives and pain relievers are often required. Some pets require supplementary oxygen by nasal tubes, some require full assisted ventilation.

Nursing Care

Experienced nursing care is essential. Frequent clinical exams detect changes in condition early. Many pets require assistance with toileting (they are unable to stand or walk, and their bladders often lose the ability to empty themselves).

Treatment does NOT guarantee the survival of your pet, but it dose give them a significantly better chance. The course and speed of recovery from Tick Paralysis is unpredictable.

The cost of treatment could be considered “expensive”. Complicated cases can run into thousands of dollars. It’s a good idea to ensure that Tick Paralysis treatment is covered in any pet insurance policy that you have.

The Paralysis Tick will remain a permanent member of our Maleny community. Even with many pets “protected”, the ticks’ life cycle will be supported by resident wildlife and other domestic animals. The appropriate use of preventative products significantly reduces the chances of your pet succumbing to a potentially fatal envenomation.

Prevention

Over recent years, there have been significant advancements in prevention options for both dogs and cats. Options include topical “spot-ons”, monthly or three-monthly chews or tablets and collars (although collars are generally less reliable). There are also “combination products” that treat worms, heartworm, fleas and ticks. Please feel free to contact our knowledgeable staff to discuss which option best suits your needs.

Whilst these new products have made great inroads into preventing tick paralysis in our pets, no product is EVER 100% effective. It’s a very good idea to make a habit of checking your pet DAILY Feeling your way through their coat is often more effective that looking. Ticks do not “bury” under the skin but can be surrounded by a lumpy “crater” as the body tries to resist the toxin that’s being injected as the tick sucks. Be familiar with what ticks looks like – they start as pin-point brown nymphs, to flattened brown “shell-back” adults, then become grey-blue as they engorge on their blood meal.

PREVENTION SHOULD CONTINUE THROUGHOUT THE YEAR. Giving your pet “time off” from the preventatives exposes them to the effects of the tick toxin and therefore, the drugs needed to save their lives. The money “saved” during the non-prevention period will pale in comparison to the cost of treatment and the stress to you and your pet.

Image Source: Inf.news
Image Source: novocom.top

Tick Paralysis is condition caused by a species of tick found on the eastern seaboard of Australia called Ixodes holocyclus. These ticks are very prolific in Maleny and surrounds, making tick prevention ESSENTIAL to prevent serious illness and death.

Ixodes holocyclus is known as a ‘3 host tick’ because the tick goes through three development phases – each requiring a blood-meal from a warm-blooded host.  Typically, larvae hatch form eggs in late February to April or May, followed by nymphs from March to September or October and then gradually the adult population from August to February, peaking around December. In Maleny and surrounds, we tend to see a surge in the ticks in August and September, when the temperature and humidity starts to rise.  Under favourable conditions, a second life cycle may result in a second peak in May. However, infestation by adults can occur at any time of the year when conditions are suitable, even in mid-winter.

Tick envenomation in animals (especially pets) peaks in spring to mid-summer. Disease usually occurs after the attachment of a single adult female tick, but heavy infestations with nymphs or larvae can produce paralysis.

Signs of Envenomation

The clinical signs of disease are usually seen around three days after attachment. Early signs of tick paralysis include:

  • Incoordination (“looks drunk”) and reluctance to do normal exercise
  • change in bark or meow, grunting or a complete loss of voice
  • inappetence, vomiting or regurgitation
  • dilated pupils.

This can progress to falling over, unable to stand or sit, inability to swallow and exaggerated breathing. This can rapidly progress to complete paralysis, including an ability to breath and death.

Prevention

Over recent years, there have been significant advancements in prevention options for both dogs and cats. Options include topical “spot-ons”, monthly or three-monthly chews or tablets and collars (although collars are generally less reliable). There are also “combination products” that treat worms, heartworm, fleas and ticks. Please feel free to contact our knowledgeable staff to discuss which option best suits your needs.

Whilst these new products have made great inroads into preventing tick paralysis in our pets, no product is EVER 100% effective. It’s a very good idea to make a habit of checking your pet DAILY Feeling your way through their coat is often more effective that looking. Ticks do not “bury” under the skin but can be surrounded by a lumpy “crater” as the body tries to resist the toxin that’s being injected as the tick sucks. Be familiar with what ticks looks like – they start as pin-point brown nymphs, to flattened brown “shell-back” adults, then become grey-blue as they engorge on their blood meal.

PREVENTION SHOULD CONTINUE THROUGHOUT THE YEAR. Giving your pet “time off” from the preventatives exposes them to the effects of the tick toxin and therefore, the drugs needed to save their lives. The money “saved” during the non-prevention period will pale in comparison to the cost of treatment and the stress to you and your pet.

What to do if you find a tick on your pet

  1. Be calm and try to keep your pet calm.
  2. Remove the tick as soon as possible with “tick twisters” or with your fingernails. Try and avoid “squeezing” the tick in the process. The application of vaseline or methylated spirits serves no purpose.
  3. Call the vet as soon as possible for further advice. If it is outside normal clinic hours, DO NOT WAIT! Delaying advice and potential treatment may decrease the chance of your pet surviving and often increases the level of treatment required.
  4. DON’T offer food or water or try to syringe feed. Animals often lose the ability to swallow quite early in the progression of the condition. Food and water can be aspirated into their lungs leading to pneumonia.

Treatment

Antivenom

Treatment is centred around the administration of an antivenom. This is a commercially prepared product (like that for antivenoms for snakes, for example). Allergic reactions to the antivenom are very uncommon but can increase in frequency with multiple uses. Previous treatment IS NOT a reason to not treat your pet again.

Medications

Additional medications such as intravenous fluids, antibiotics (for pneumonia), airway dilators, anti-vomiting medications, diuretics, sedatives and pain relievers are often required. Some pets require supplementary oxygen by nasal tubes, some require full assisted ventilation.

Nursing Care

Experienced nursing care is essential. Frequent clinical exams detect changes in condition early. Many pets require assistance with toileting (they are unable to stand or walk, and their bladders often lose the ability to empty themselves).

Treatment does NOT guarantee the survival of your pet, but it dose give them a significantly better chance. The course and speed of recovery from Tick Paralysis is unpredictable.

The cost of treatment could be considered “expensive”. Complicated cases can run into thousands of dollars. It’s a good idea to ensure that Tick Paralysis treatment is covered in any pet insurance policy that you have.

The Paralysis Tick will remain a permanent member of our Maleny community. Even with many pets “protected”, the ticks’ life cycle will be supported by resident wildlife and other domestic animals. The appropriate use of preventative products significantly reduces the chances of your pet succumbing to a potentially fatal envenomation.

Arthritis in Cats

Do you have an older furry feline companion at home that seems to be not quite so agile as they used to be? Maybe they’ve stopped walking outside with you to collect the mail. Don’t play in the garden quite so much as they used to? Feline arthritis (osteoarthritis) is one of the most underdiagnosed conditions in our feline friends.

Arthritis is usually a result of ongoing wear and tear and instability in joints with the most affected joints in the cat being elbows, hips and spine. Arthritis occurs when joint cartilage deteriorates and synovial fluid (the fluid in our joints) loses its lubricating properties so the movement of bone becomes less smooth, leading to discomfort and reduced mobility.

Signs of arthritis in cats can include:

  • Reduced movement – not wanting to jump up and off beds, sleeping in lower positions, inability to crouch or squat to urinate and defecate, sometimes leading to toileting accidents
  • Changes in grooming behaviour – reduced grooming that can cause a matted or ‘scurfy’ coat, or overgrooming leading to hair loss or self-trauma
  • Changes in personality – more aggressive or not wanting to be patted or brushed
  • Changes in activity levels

There are several treatment options for older cats with osteoarthritis including weight management, disease modifying osteoarthritic drugs (cartrophen), anti-inflammatories and pain killers as well as neutronceuticals and prescription diets, all which can play a role in keeping your feline companions more comfortable in their older years and colder months.

If you feels that your cat is exhibiting any of these symptoms please don’t hesitate to arrange an appointment with one of our veterinarians.

Everything You Need To Know About Ehrlichiosis

The new emerging tick-borne disease Ehrlichiosis has been coming up in conversations lately, and we thought we might put a few facts together to help everyone with what it is, what to look out for and what to do if you suspect your dog may have the disease. It’s also really important to consider additional protection if you’re taking your dog into areas where the disease is known to be present.

Ehrlichiosis is a disease that affects dogs and is caused by a tick-borne bacteria called Ehrlichia canis which is found in the Brown Dog Tick. The Brown Dog Tick has a worldwide distribution, including Australia. In 2020 E.canis was detected in WA and the NT and has since been spreading through these states rapidly especially in the remote communities. A case has now also been found in QLD and SA.

Infection can occur if your dog is bitten by a Brown Dog Tick that contains the E. canis bacteria. Not all Brown Dog Ticks have this bacteria. Infected dogs do not transmit Ehrlichosis to people or other dogs.

Symptoms of Ehrlichiosis in dogs can include:

  • Fever
  • Lethargy
  • Loss of appetite
  • Weight loss
  • Swelling of chest or front legs
  • Enlarged lymph nodes
  • Cloudy eyes or conjunctivitis
  • Pain and stiffness
  • Bleeding disorders such as nosebleeds or bruising on the gums or belly, caused by a lack of platelets (thrombocytopaenia)

Advice for owners to prevent this happening is an effective tick control program. If you are travelling to an area where Canine Ehrlichiosis is of concern, it is important to use oral tick prevention (such as Simparica, Nexgard) AND a tick collar to repel the ticks and stop them from biting your dog. The brand of tick collars recommended are “Seresto” tick collars.

Canine Ehrlichiosis can be deadly if not treated. Treatment usually requires long term antibiotic therapy. If you suspect that your dog is showing any symptoms of Ehrlichiosis please contact us for advice.

Response to Our Hendra Policy

On behalf of all of us here at Maleny Vets, we’d like to thank you all for your OVERWHELMING support for our decision. As I said, it has not been an easy one and will continue to cause some upset.

From a personal perspective, I have read through many of the comments against our stance, and thank those authors for taking the time to offer their thoughts. I’d like to take a moment to respond to some of the general themes.

“only two deaths”

There have been four. The names of these human beings are Vic Rail, Mark Preston, Alister Rogers and Ben Cunneen. These people did not have the opportunity to protect themselves as we do now, and to trivialise the loss of their lives is immensely disrespectful to the work they did for the horse industry, and the value they held to their families and the communities in which they lived.

“money hungry”

Perhaps those individuals who think that vets are expensive have either lost or never have had a sense of the true cost of health care. 2% of our taxable income goes to the federal government to fund universal healthcare in Australia (Medicare). On top of that, the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme heavily subsidises many of the wonderful medications that Australians are blessed to have access to. That would mean that my one visit to the doctor last year cost me about $1500. In contrast, the veterinary profession is not subsidised even though we apply the same high standards of care to our medicine and surgery.

“cost”

Cost is a weak argument. Ours, and many other practices, have been vaccinating horses for HeV for below cost for a very long time and it has not made one bit of difference to people vaccinating or not. The majority people are worried because of what they’ve read or heard along the grapevine.

And really, BE HONEST, what’s the cost of the vaccine in the scheme of the expense of owning a horse?

“not 100%”

At the time of this posting, not one horse that’s been experimentally infected with Hendra virus has contracted Hendra or shown any signs of replicating the virus. In the field, there has not been one HeV vaccinated horse contract the disease. There has not been one reported death due the vaccine. That’s 100%.

In all honesty, over time you’ll probably be right. Hendra virus IS A VIRUS. I’m no specialist virologist but I expect, like many viruses, it’ll change its shape and form over time, and the vaccine will fail. It hasn’t yet – not in the laboratory, and not in the field.

I’m not naïve enough to say that it’s the be-all and end-all, but it’s the best we humans have at the moment to try and keep our horses and ourselves safe. If we have a good hard look at ourselves, how big are we usually on 100%? Do seatbelts save lives every time?  Do airplanes fall out of the sky sometimes? It’s a simple case of ‘risk versus benefit’. I’ve been a vet for just over 20 years now, it has been my long, long experience that quite often a horse owner will request a bottle of penicillin for their horse that has gone through the fence and cut its leg. NEVER, have I heard “please come and culture the bacteria growing in my horse’s cut leg before you give it any drugs – I want to be 100% sure that I’m doing the right thing and there’s a tiny chance that penicillin might not work.”

We can only be so sure, use our best judgement based on the evidence we have been provided and the experience that we gather. When there’s a human vaccine, I’ll be the first in line so I can continue to see horses and then go home safely to my family.

“reactions”

Absolutely. That’s the purpose of a vaccination – to train the body to react. I completely agree that horses have adverse reactions to the vaccine and the more often you vaccinate, the more likely the horse is to react. I own six horses, three of which now require an anti-inflammatory the day of, and the day following their vaccination. I suspect that there is some truth in the current thought that ‘brings out underlying conditions’. I’ve seen a couple of things in our practice that have made me think, “Hmmmm”. Having said that, so can any stress – competition, cold and wet weather, transport, change in diet, pasture growth.

Now, let’s talk about reactions to other things we use in our horses. Ever wormed a horse and it get colic? Ever given a horse Ace and have his penis prolapse and not go back in? Ever give a horse a tetanus vaccination and get a lump in his neck? Ever give a horse penicillin and have them die of an anaphylactic reaction?

On a personal level, I had a nasty reaction in my arm when I had Gardasil immunisations. A couple of days of rest and Panadol is a small price to pay for reducing (not eliminating, mind you) my chances of dying of cervical cancer. (Just for fun, have a read of the TGA ‘Gardasil’ paperwork, yet this is generally accepted as being a life-saver for women, as it should be!)

“unsafe”

Anyone familiar with the AVPMA and the TGA would know that these groups move with glacial speed. Nothing gets through until they are convinced that it’s highly likely (my words, not theirs) that whatever they’re okaying, is ok to use. More often than not, the general public gets hysterical because some new drug is not in the country in time to save someone’s life. Not foolproof, but it’s the high standard that we demand for our own health.

“insurance”

I know my insurance. I haven’t found one better. Besides, you’re missing the point – it’s not just about insurance, it’s also about protecting your horse and the community.

Biosecurity Act – Section 23 – your General Biosecurity Obligation.
Besides, if your child died of Hendra after being exposed to an unvaccinated horse at a horse event, no amount of insurance is going to help anyone, is it?

“just wear PPE”

Last week I was unfortunate enough to stand by whilst a dear old horse was shot. For those of you who have never had to shoot a horse, let me tell you, it tears away a piece of your soul. This fellow was dearly loved yet had not been vaccinated be cause he was retired and just left live out his days in the paddock. When his owner found him, he was in excruciating pain from colic. He was a mess, and my basic PPE was terrifying him (gloves, goggles and breathing mask, let along trying to approach him in the full white suit). He kept running/stumbling away as we tried to calm him. He had to be shot from a distance. He did not have the benefit of a kind word in his ear, a scratch on the neck and a sharing of breath as he left this world – all the things that horses need when they need comfort from us.

In addition to this, I have not had an owner yet be able to adequately comply with PPE requirements whilst waiting for a Hendra Exclusion test to return, risking their health, and potential legal ramifications for us.

“pro-choice”

Me too. I am free to choose not to treat your horse. You are free to choose another vet.

Deb Thorne BVSc
Maleny Veterinary Services

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